2008年8月26日星期二
IT Technical skills and Certification Exams With Pass4side
Technical skills may never die, but areas of expertise wane in importance as technology advances force cnpanies to evolve and IT staff to forsake yesterday’s craft in favor of tomorrow’s must-have talent.“There is less need for system-side knowledge. In the past, IT folks had to understand a lot about memory, drivers and address locations, and what used which interrupt, but nowadays that stuff is plug-and-chug even on many Unix systems,” says Brian Jones, manager of network engineering at Tech Communications Network Services unit in Blacksburg. “I feel like all the skills I have picked up along the way are valuable and help shape my thinking and troubleshooting abilities. I don’t know how to value or devalue these skills; it’s like they have taken on new value now.”250-622 - Implementation of DP Solutions for UNIX using NBU 5.0250-522 - Design & Custom. Of HA Solutions for Windows using VCS 4.1250-521 - Design of DP Solutions for Windows using NBU 5.0250-223 - Data Protection Administration for UNIX using NBU 5.0250-365 - Data Protection Administration for Windows(NBU 6.5)250-365 - Data Protection Administration for Windows(NBU 6.5)250-265 - Data Protection Administration for UNIX using NetBackup 6.5NS0-510 - NCIE-Backup & Recovery Implementation Engineer Examjn0-570 - JN0-570 JNCIS-SSL EXAM920-805 - Nortel Data Networking Technology1Y0-264 - Citrix Presentation Server 4.5: Support Exam1Y0-700 - Citrix Application Firewall 8.0: Administration ExamHP0-M22 - Implementing HP Service Manager Softwarehp0-y15 - ProCurve Network Access Controlhp0-j20 - HP Storage Essentials SRM Enterprise Edition000-973 - Power Systems Sales for the IBM I Operating System000-331 - Power Systems Sales for AIX and Linux050-708 - SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 10 Administration050-701 - Upgrading to Novell Open Enterprise Server for NetWare
New Certification Study Guides from Pass4side
1z0-271 - Hyperion Financial Management9.3 Administrator I&II• HP0-P18 - HP Integrity o-Class BladeSystem• HP0-J25 - HP StorageWorks AIS 2008 Delta Exam• HP0-J14 - HP StorageWorks ASE 2008 Delta Exam• E22-315 - Disk Library and Backup to Disk Technologies• e22-310 - DiskXtender for Windows Exam• e20-822 - CLARiiON Solutions Expert Exam for Storage Administrators• e20-817 - Symmetrix Business Continuity Expert Exam for Storage Admins• E22-250 - Network Management - Smarts Administration• e20-012 - Information Availability Design and Management Exam• 922-102 - Nortel Converged Office for CS 1000 Rls. 5.x Configuration• 920-471 - Nortel Converged Office CS 1000 Rls.5.x Config & Networking• 190-804 - Using JavaScript in IBM Louts Domino 8 Applications• 190-803 - Using LotusScript in IBM Lotus Domino 8 Applications
2008年8月25日星期一
IP Messenger 详细分析
一、系统概述 IP Messenger是一款局域网内部聊天、文件传输工具,具有很多优点,如数据通讯不需要建立服务器、直接在两台电脑间通信和数据传输,支持文件及文件目录的传输,安全快捷以及小巧方便等优异特点,因此很多公司都采用它作为部门、公司内部的IM即时通信工具。逆风编程精品 IP Messenger在程序结构方面采用了Windows SDK处理结构,通信方面采用了TCP/UDP通信方式,在文件传输处理方面采用文件映射技术,等等。通过分析IP Messenger的运行、工作原理,可以提高并加深对Windows处理流程的理解,提高SOCKET编程技术等,因此特对其源码进行分析,以抛砖引玉,共同提高大家的编程技术。1、IP Messenger源代码的下载 在写这篇文章时,IP Messenger的最新版本是2.06,因此大家在下载时尽量选择最新版本下载。IP Messenger源代码的下载地址是http://www.ipmsg.org/,在网站的右上角,点击English page,网站转换到英文界面,网站有英文版以及其它语言的版本,当然还有中文版的链接(http://www.azhi.net/IPMsg/),建议大家尽量下载原版的英文版源代码,以利于学习。2、IP Messenger源代码的目录及文件 IP Messenger源代码的目录结构及文件详见列表1.1 IP Messenger源代码主要的目录及文件:列表1.1 IP Messenger源代码主要的目录及文件属性 名称 描述 目录 SRC 工程文件源代码和INSTALL目录 文件 IPMSG.MAK VC4及以前版本使用的工程文件,用来指定如何建立一个工程,VC6把MAK文件转换成DSP文件来处理 IPMSG.MDP 后缀MDP(Microsoft DevStudio Project的简称)是老版本的项目文件,相当于DSP文件 PROT-ENG.TXT 英文版的协议描述 PROTOCOL.TXT 日文版的协议描述 README.TXT 英文版的README README-J.TXT 日文版的READMEIP Messenger的SRC目录内容描述在列表1.2,SRC目录及主要文件。属性 名称 描述 目录 INSTALL 安装程序源代码目录 文件 BLOWFISH.CPP 加密算法源文件 BLOWFISH.H 加密算法头文件 BLOWFISH.H2 加密算法随机数头文件 CFG.CPP 系统配置源文件 IPMSG.CPP IPMSG的APP源文件 IPMSG.H IPMSG头文件 LOGDLG.CPP 日志DLG源文件 LOGMNG.CPP 日志处理源文件 MAINWIN.CPP IP Messenger主窗口源文件 MISCDLG.CPP 消息DLG,关于DLG,以及控件子类化等源文件 MSGMNG.CPP Socket管理源文件 PLUGIN.CPP Dll plugin加载源文件 RECVDLG.CPP 接收消息处理源文件 SENDDLG.CPP 发送消息处理源文件 SETUPDLG.CPP IP Messenger属性配置源文件 SHARE.CPP 文件传输接收管理源文件 TAPP.CPP 应用程序类源文件 TDLG.CPP DLG类源文件 TLIST.CPP 链表类源文件 TREGIST.CPP 注册表操作类源文件 TWIN.CPP 窗口类源文件 MSGSTR.H 字符串常量头文件 TLIB.H 类、结构等头文件
CCNA认证英文词汇中文解析(二)
Distance-vector routing algorithm (距离向量路由选择算法)----- 为了发现最短路径,这个路由选择算法组重复一条给定路由中的中继段数,要求每个路由器发送其完整的更新路由表,但只到其邻居。这种路由选择算法有产生环路的趋势,但比链路状态算法简单。参见link-state routing al-gorithm和SPF distribution layer (分配层)----- Cisco三层分层模型的中间层,它有助于设计、安装和维护Cisco分层网络。分配层是接人层设备的连接点。路由选择在这一层完成。 DLCI 数据链路连接标识符 (Data-Link Connection Identifier)----- 用于标识帧中继网络中的虚电路。 DLSw 数据链路交换 (Data Link Switching)----- IBM在1992年开发了数据链路交换 (DLSw),以便在基于路由器的网络中提供对SNA(系统网络机构)和NeIOS协议的支持。SNA和NetBIOS是不可路由的协议,不包含任何第3层逻辑网络信息。DLSw将这些协议封装在TCP/IP消息中,这些消息可被路由并是一个远程源路由桥接 (RSRB)的可选办法。 DLSw+ Cisco的DLSw实现-----除了支持RFC标准,Cisco添加了目的在于增加可缩放性和改善性能及可用性的增强。 DNS 域名系统 (Domain Name System)-----用于解析主机名到IP地址。 DSAP 目的地业务接火点(Destination Service Access Point)-----一个网络节点的业务接人点,在数据包的目的地字段中指定。参见SSAP和SAP。 DSR 数据机准备好 (Data Set Ready)-----当DCE通电并准备好运行时,这个EIA/TIA-232接口电路也占线。 DSU 数据服务单元 (data service unit)-----这个设备用来使数据终端设备 (DTE)机构上的物理接口适应T-1或E-1之类的传输设备并负责信号定时。它通常与信道服务单元组合在一起并称为CSU/DSU。参见CSU。 DTE 数据终端设备 (data terminal equipment)----- 任何一个位于用户-网络接口并作为目的地、源或两者的用户端的设备。DTE包括多路复用器、协议转换器和计算机之类的设备。到一个数据网络的连接是由使用该设备产生的时钟信号的数据通信设备 (DCE),如调制解调器所组成。参见DCE。 UTR 数据终端准备好 (Data Terminal Ready)----- 一条激活的与DCE通信的ETA/TIA-232电路,表示DTE发送或接收数据已准备好的状态。 DUAL 扩散更新算法 (Diffusing Update Algorithm)----- 用在增强的IGRP中,这个收敛算法在整个路由计算中提供无环路操作。DUAL授权给能同时同步的拓扑版本中涉及的路由器,而不涉及的路由器不受这个改变的影响。参见Enhanced IGRP。 DVMRP 距离间量组播路由选择协议 (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol)----- 主要基于路由信息协议(RTP),这个因特网网关协议实现一个公共的、浓缩模式IP组播方案,利用TGMP在它的邻居之间传输路由选择数据报。参见IGMP。 DXI 数据交换接口 (Data Exchange Interface)----- 在RFC 1482中描述,DXI定义一个网络设备 (如路由器、网桥或集线器)的效力。它们对使用一个特殊DSU完成包封装的ATM网络起一个FEP作用。 dynamic entries (动态条目)----- 用于在第2层和第3层设备中动态地创建硬件地址表或逻辑地址表。 dynamic routing (动态路由选择)-----网络修订。也称"自适应路由选择",这个技术自动适应通信量或物埋 dynamic VLAN (动态DLAN)----- 在一个特殊服务器中创建条目的管理器,该服务器具有互联网络上所有设备的硬 failure domain (故障域)----- 令牌环中出现故障的区域。当一个站获得严重故障 (如网络出现电缆断开)信息时,它发送一个信标帧,包括该站报告的故障、它的NAUN和之间的每件事。这就定义了故障域。然后信标开始所谓的自动配置程序。参见autore configuration和beacon。 fallback (后退)---- ATM网络中,这个机制用来觅得一条路径,如果它不能用常规方法找到一条的话。该设备放松对某个特性的要求 (如延迟),试图找到一条满足某组最重要的需求的路径。 Fast Ethernet (快速以太网)---- 速度为lOOMb/s的以太网规范。快速以太网比lOBaseT快十倍,而保留像MAC机制、MTU和帧格式之类的性质。这些类似使得现有的lOBaseT应用和管理工具能用于快速以太网网络。快速以太网是基于IEEE802.3规范的一个扩展 (IEEE 802.3U)。对比Ethemnet。参见lOOBaseT、IOOBaseTX和IEEE。 fast switching (快速交换)---- 利用路由高速缓存以加速通过路由器的包交换的一个Cisco特性。对比process switching。 fault tolerance (容错)---- 网络设备或通信链路可以失效而不中断通信的程度。容错可通过增加到一远程网络的辅助路由器提供。 FDM 频分多路复用 (Frequency-Division Multiplexing)---- 允许从几个信道来的信息在一条线上接频率分配带宽的技术。参见TDM、ATDM和statistical multiplexing。 FDDI 光纤分布式数据接口 (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)---- ANSIX3T9.5定义的一个LAN标准,可以在高达200Mb/s的速率上运行并在光缆上使用令牌传送介质访问技术。为了冗余,可以使用双环结构。 FECN 前向显式拥塞通告 (Forward Explicit Congestion Notification)---- 由帧中继网络设置的一个位,通知DTE接收器沿着从源到目的地的路径遇到拥塞。收到FECN位设置帧的设备可以要求更高优先权的协议必要时采取流控措施。参见BECN。 FEIP 快速以太网接口处理器 (Fast Ethernet Interface Processor)---- Cisco7000系列路由器使用的一种接口处理器,提供两个lOOMb/s lOOBaseT端口。filtering (过滤)---- 用访间表在网络上提供安全性。 firewall (防火墙)---- 有意在任何公共网络和专用网络之间设置的一道屏障,由一个路由器或访问服务器或者几个路由器或访问服务器组成,利用访间表和其他方法确保专用网络的安全性。dixed configuration router (固定配置路由器) 不能用任何新接口升级的路由器。 flapping (翻动)---- 描述一个串行接口开闭的术语。 flash (闪存)----- 电可擦可编程只读存储器 (EEPROM)。默认情况下用来在路由器中保存CiscoIOS。 flash memory (闪存)----- Intel开发的并许可其他半导体制造商使用的一种非易失存储器,可电擦除并重新编程,物理上位于EEPROM芯片上。闪存允许软件映像被存储、引导及必要时重写。默认情况下,Cisco路由器和交换机使用闪存保存IOS。参见EPROM和EEPROM。 flat network (平面网络)----- 一个大的冲突域和一个大的广播域的网络。 floating routes (浮动路由器)----- 与动态路由一起用于提供备份路由以防失效。 floodming (扩散) -----一个接口收到通信量时,它将被传输到除了始发通信量的接口外连接到该设备的每个接口。这一技术可被网桥和交换机用于在网络上传输通信量。 flow control (流控) -----用来确保接收单元不被来目发送设备的数据淹没的一种技术。IBM网络称之为调步,意思是当接收缓存器满时,一个消息被传输到发送单元暂停发送,直到接收缓存器中的所有数据被处理并且缓存器再次准备好接收。 FQDN 完全限定域名 (fully qualified domain name)----- 在DNS域结构中用来在因特网上提供名称到IP地址的解析。FQDN的一例是bob.acme.com。 FRAD 帧中继接人设备 (Frame Relay access device)----- 提供LAN和帧中继WAN之间连接的任何设备。参见Cisco FRAD和FRAS。 fragment (片段)----- 一个大的数据包被故意分成小块的任何部分。一个数据包片段并不表示错误而且可以是故意的。参见fragmentation。 fragmentation (分段)-----在不能支持大数据包尺寸的中间网络介质上发送数据时,故意将数据包分段成小块的过程。 FragmentFree (无碎片)----- 读入一个帧的数据部分以确保不出现碎片的LAN交换机类型。有时称为修正的直通 (modified cut-through)。 frame (帧)----- 由数据链路层在传输介质上发送的信息的逻辑单元。该术语经常涉及用于同步和差错控制的报头和报尾,它围绕单元中包含的数据。 frame filtering (帧过滤)----- 帧过滤在第2层交换机上用来提供更多带宽。交换机读一个帧的目的地硬件地址,然后在交换机建立的过滤表中查找这个地址,然后只将该帧送出找到的硬件地址的端口,其他端口见不到该帧。 frame identification (frame tagging) (帧标识,帧标志)----- VLAN可以跨越多个连接的交换机,Cisco称其为一个交换机结构 (switch-fabric)。交换机结构中的交换机必须跟踪在该交换机端口上收到的帧,并且在帧穿过这个交换机结构时必须跟踪它们所属的VLAN。帧标志完成这个功能。然后交换机可以命令帧到适当的端口。 Frame Relay (帧中继)----- X.25协议 (一个保证数据传输的不相关的数据包中继技术) 的一个更有效的替代。帧中继是一个工业标准的、共享接人、尽力的交换式数据链路层封装,它在连接的机构间提供多个虚电路和协议。 Frame Relay bridging (帧中继桥接)----- 在RFC 1490中定义,这个桥接方法使用与其他桥接操作同样的生成树算法,但允许数据包封装为经帧中继网络传输。 Frame Relay switching (帧中继交换)----- 服务提供商的路由器为帧中继数据包提供数据包交换。激活一个己被修剪过程冻结的接口的过程。它由发送到路由器的IGMP成员报告发起。 frame tagging (帧标志)----- 见frame identification。 frame types (帧类型)----- LAN中用来确定如何将一个帧放在本地网络上。以太网提供四种不同的帧类型。它们相互不兼容,所以,为了两台主机通信,它们必须使用相同的帧类型。 frameing (组帧)----- OSI模型数据链路层上的封装。它称为组帧是因为数据包是用报头和报尾封装的FRAS 帧中继接人支持 (Frame Relay Access Support)-----Cisco IOS软件的一个特性,它使SDLC、以太网、令牌环和帧中继连接的IBM设备能与帧中继网络上的其他IBM机构链接。参见FRAD。 frequency (频率)-----单位时间交流信号的周期数,以赫兹 (周期每秒)测量。 FSIP 快速串行接口处理器 (Fast Serial Interface Processor)----- Cisco 7000路由器默认的串行接口处理器,它提供4个或8个高速串行接口。 FTP 文件传输协议 (File Transfer Protocol): 用来在网络节点间传输文件的TCP/IP协议,它文持宽范围的文件类型并在RFC 959中定义,参见TFTP。 full duplex (全双工)----- 在发送站和接收站之间同时传输信息的能力,参见halfduplex。 full mesh (全网型)----- 一种网络拓扑,其中每个节点到其他网络节点有物理的或虚拟的电路链接。全网型提供大量的冗余,由于它的昂贵,一般留用作为网络骨干。参见partial mesh global command (全局命令) 用来定义命令的Cisco术语,它用来改变影响整个路由器的路由器配置。相比之下,接口命令只影响那个接口。 GMII 干兆位MII (Gigabit MII):数据传输时提供8位的介质独立接口。 GNS 获得最近服务器 (Get Nearest Server): 在IPX网络上,客户为确定一种给定类型的最近的激活服务器的位置发送的一个请求包。一个IPX网络客户发出一个GNS请求以获得从一个连接的服务器来的直接应答或从该互联网络上披露该服务器位置的路由器来的一个响应。GNS是IPX和SAP的一部分。参见IPX和SAP。 grafing (移植)-----激活一个己被修剪过程冻结的接口的过程。它由发送到路由器的IGMP成员报告发起。 GRE 通用路由封装 (Generic Routing Encapsulation): Cisco利用在TP隧道中封装各种协议包类型的能力创建的一个隧道协议,借此产生一个虚拟的、点到点连接,此连接跨过一个IP网络连接到远端的Cisco路由器。TP隧道利用GRE,允许通过在单一协议骨干环境中链接多协议子网来扩展网络超过单一协议骨干环境。 guard band (保护频带)-----两个通信信道间未使用的频率区域,提供必要的空间避免两者之间干扰。 half duplex (半双工) 发送站和接收站之间一次只能在一个方间传输数据的能力。参见fullduplex。 handshake (握手)-----网络上两个或多个设备之间为保证同步操作交换的一系列传输。 H channel (H信道) 高速信道 (high-speed channel): 一个全双工、在384Kb/s速率上工作的ISDN基群速率信道。参见B channe、D channel和E channel。本文出自 51CTO.COM技术博客
2008年8月24日星期日
以太网络建立多个VLAN典型案例
以太网络建立多个VLAN典型案例
所谓典型局域网就是指由一台具备三层交换功能的核心交换机接几台分支交换机(不一定具备三层交换能力)。我们假设核心交换机名称为:com;分支交换机分别为:par1、par2、par3,分别通过port 1的光线模块与核心交换机相连;并且假设vlan名称分别为counter、market、managing……
需要做的工作:
A、设置vtp domain(核心、分支交换机上都设置)
B、配置中继(核心、分支交换机上都设置)
C、创建vlan(在server上设置)
D、将交换机端口划入vlan
E、配置三层交换
A、设置vtp domain。 vtp domain 称为管理域。
交换vtp更新信息的所有交换机必须配置为相同的管理域。如果所有的交换机都以中继线相连,那么只要在核心交换机上设置一个管理域,网络上所有的交换机都加入该域,这样管理域里所有的交换机就能够了解彼此的vlan列表。 com#vlan database 进入vlan配置模式
com(vlan)#vtp domain com 设置vtp管理域名称 com
com(vlan)#vtp server 设置交换机为服务器模式
par1#vlan database 进入vlan配置模式
par1(vlan)#vtp domain com 设置vtp管理域名称com
par1(vlan)#vtp client 设置交换机为客户端模式
par2#vlan database 进入vlan配置模式
par2(vlan)#vtp domain com 设置vtp管理域名称com
par2(vlan)#vtp client 设置交换机为客户端模式
par3#vlan database 进入vlan配置模式
par3(vlan)#vtp domain com 设置vtp管理域名称com
par3(vlan)#vtp client 设置交换机为客户端模式 注意:这里设置核心交换机为server模式是指允许在该交换机上创建、修改、删除vlan及其他一些对整个vtp域的配置参数,同步本vtp域中其他交换机传递来的最新的vlan信息;client模式是指本交换机不能创建、删除、修改vlan配置,也不能在nvram中存储vlan配置,但可同步由本vtp域中其他交换机传递来的vlan信息。 B、配置中继为了保证管理域能够覆盖所有的分支交换机,必须配置中继。
Cisco交换机能够支持任何介质作为中继线,为了实现中继可使用其特有的isl标签。isl(inter-switch link)是一个在交换机之间、交换机与路由器之间及交换机与服务器之间传递多个vlan信息及vlan数据流的协议,通过在交换机直接相连的端口配置isl封装,即可跨越交换机进行整个网络的vlan分配和进行配置。 在核心交换机端配置如下:com(config)#interface gigabitethernet 2/1
com(config-if)#switchport
com(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation isl 配置中继协议
com(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
com(config)#interface gigabitethernet 2/2
com(config-if)#switchport
com(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation isl 配置中继协议
com(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
com(config)#interface gigabitethernet 2/3
com(config-if)#switchport
com(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation isl 配置中继协议
com(config-if)#switchport mode trunk 在分支交换机端配置如下:par1(config)#interface gigabitethernet 0/1
par1(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
par2(config)#interface gigabitethernet 0/1
par2(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
par3(config)#interface gigabitethernet 0/1
par3(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
…… 此时,管理域算是设置完毕了。C、创建vlan一旦建立了管理域,就可以创建vlan了。
com(vlan)#vlan 10 name counter 创建了一个编号为10 名字为counter的 vlan
com(vlan)#vlan 11 name market 创建了一个编号为11 名字为market的 vlan
com(vlan)#vlan 12 nam
e managing 创建了一个编号为12 名字为managing的 vlan
……
注意,这里的vlan是在核心交换机上建立的,其实,只要是在管理域中的任何一台vtp 属性为server的交换机上建立vlan,它就会通过vtp通告整个管理域中的所有的交换机。但如果要将具体的交换机端口划入某个vlan,就必须在该端口所属的交换机上进行设置。
D、将交换机端口划入vlan
例如,要将par1、par2、par3……分支交换机的端口1划入counter vlan,端口2划入market vlan,端口3划入managing vlan…… par1(config)#interface fastethernet 0/1 配置端口1
par1(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10 归属counter vlan
par1(config)#interface fastethernet 0/2 配置端口2
par1(config-if)#switchport access vlan 11 归属market vlan
par1(config)#interface fastethernet 0/3 配置端口3
par1(config-if)#switchport access vlan 12 归属managing vlan
par2(config)#interface fastethernet 0/1 配置端口1
par2(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10 归属counter vlan
par2(config)#interface fastethernet 0/2 配置端口2
par2(config-if)#switchport access vlan 11 归属market vlan
par2(config)#interface fastethernet 0/3 配置端口3
par2(config-if)#switchport access vlan 12 归属managing vlan
par3(config)#interface fastethernet 0/1 配置端口1
par3(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10 归属counter vlan
par3(config)#interface fastethernet 0/2 配置端口2
par3(config-if)#switchport access vlan 11 归属market vlan
par3(config)#interface fastethernet 0/3 配置端口3
par3(config-if)#switchport access vlan 12 归属managing vlan
…… E、配置三层交换 到这里,vlan已经基本划分完毕。但是,vlan间如何实现三层(网络层)交换呢?这时就要给各vlan分配网络(ip)地址了。给vlan分配ip地址分两种情况,其一,给vlan所有的节点分配静态ip地址;其二,给vlan所有的节点分配动态ip地址。下面就这两种情况分别介绍。 假设给vlan counter分配的接口ip地址为172.16.58.1/24,网络地址为:172.16.58.0, vlan market 分配的接口ip地址为172.16.59.1/24,网络地址为:172.16.59.0, vlan managing分配接口ip地址为172.16.60.1/24, 网络地址为172.16.60.0
…… 如果动态分配ip地址,则设网络上的dhcp服务器ip地址为172.16.1.11。 (1)给vlan所有的节点分配静态ip地址。 首先在核心交换机上分别设置各vlan的接口ip地址。核心交换机将vlan做为一种接口对待,就象路由器上的一样,如下所示:com(config)#interface vlan 10
com(config-if)#ip address 172.16.58.1 255.255.255.0 vlan10接口ip
com(config)#interface vlan 11
com(config-if)#ip address 172.16.59.1 255.255.255.0 vlan11接口ip
com(config)#interface vlan 12
com(config-if)#ip address 172.16.60.1 255.255.255.0 vlan12接口ip
…… 再在各接入vlan的计算机上设置与所属vlan的网络地址一致的ip地址,并且把默认网关设置为该vlan的接口地址。这样,所有的vlan也可以互访了。
(2)给vlan所有的节点分配动态ip地址。
首先在核心交换机上分别
设置各vlan的接口ip地址和同样的dhcp服务器的ip地址,如下所示: com(config)#interface vlan 10
com(config-if)#ip address 172.16.58.1 255.255.255.0 vlan10接口ip
com(config-if)#ip helper-address 172.16.1.11 dhcp server ip
com(config)#interface vlan 11
com(config-if)#ip address 172.16.59.1 255.255.255.0 vlan11接口ip
com(config-if)#ip helper-address 172.16.1.11 dhcp server ip
com(config)#interface vlan 12
com(config-if)#ip address 172.16.60.1 255.255.255.0 vlan12接口ip
com(config-if)#ip helper-address 172.16.1.11 dhcp server ip
…… 再在dhcp服务器上设置网络地址分别为172.16.58.0,172.16.59.0,172.16.60.0的作用域,并将这些作用域的“路由器”选项设置为对应vlan的接口ip地址。这样,可以保证所有的vlan也可以互访了。 最后在各接入vlan的计算机进行网络设置,将ip地址选项设置为自动获得ip地址即可。
所谓典型局域网就是指由一台具备三层交换功能的核心交换机接几台分支交换机(不一定具备三层交换能力)。我们假设核心交换机名称为:com;分支交换机分别为:par1、par2、par3,分别通过port 1的光线模块与核心交换机相连;并且假设vlan名称分别为counter、market、managing……
需要做的工作:
A、设置vtp domain(核心、分支交换机上都设置)
B、配置中继(核心、分支交换机上都设置)
C、创建vlan(在server上设置)
D、将交换机端口划入vlan
E、配置三层交换
A、设置vtp domain。 vtp domain 称为管理域。
交换vtp更新信息的所有交换机必须配置为相同的管理域。如果所有的交换机都以中继线相连,那么只要在核心交换机上设置一个管理域,网络上所有的交换机都加入该域,这样管理域里所有的交换机就能够了解彼此的vlan列表。 com#vlan database 进入vlan配置模式
com(vlan)#vtp domain com 设置vtp管理域名称 com
com(vlan)#vtp server 设置交换机为服务器模式
par1#vlan database 进入vlan配置模式
par1(vlan)#vtp domain com 设置vtp管理域名称com
par1(vlan)#vtp client 设置交换机为客户端模式
par2#vlan database 进入vlan配置模式
par2(vlan)#vtp domain com 设置vtp管理域名称com
par2(vlan)#vtp client 设置交换机为客户端模式
par3#vlan database 进入vlan配置模式
par3(vlan)#vtp domain com 设置vtp管理域名称com
par3(vlan)#vtp client 设置交换机为客户端模式 注意:这里设置核心交换机为server模式是指允许在该交换机上创建、修改、删除vlan及其他一些对整个vtp域的配置参数,同步本vtp域中其他交换机传递来的最新的vlan信息;client模式是指本交换机不能创建、删除、修改vlan配置,也不能在nvram中存储vlan配置,但可同步由本vtp域中其他交换机传递来的vlan信息。 B、配置中继为了保证管理域能够覆盖所有的分支交换机,必须配置中继。
Cisco交换机能够支持任何介质作为中继线,为了实现中继可使用其特有的isl标签。isl(inter-switch link)是一个在交换机之间、交换机与路由器之间及交换机与服务器之间传递多个vlan信息及vlan数据流的协议,通过在交换机直接相连的端口配置isl封装,即可跨越交换机进行整个网络的vlan分配和进行配置。 在核心交换机端配置如下:com(config)#interface gigabitethernet 2/1
com(config-if)#switchport
com(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation isl 配置中继协议
com(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
com(config)#interface gigabitethernet 2/2
com(config-if)#switchport
com(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation isl 配置中继协议
com(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
com(config)#interface gigabitethernet 2/3
com(config-if)#switchport
com(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation isl 配置中继协议
com(config-if)#switchport mode trunk 在分支交换机端配置如下:par1(config)#interface gigabitethernet 0/1
par1(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
par2(config)#interface gigabitethernet 0/1
par2(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
par3(config)#interface gigabitethernet 0/1
par3(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
…… 此时,管理域算是设置完毕了。C、创建vlan一旦建立了管理域,就可以创建vlan了。
com(vlan)#vlan 10 name counter 创建了一个编号为10 名字为counter的 vlan
com(vlan)#vlan 11 name market 创建了一个编号为11 名字为market的 vlan
com(vlan)#vlan 12 nam
e managing 创建了一个编号为12 名字为managing的 vlan
……
注意,这里的vlan是在核心交换机上建立的,其实,只要是在管理域中的任何一台vtp 属性为server的交换机上建立vlan,它就会通过vtp通告整个管理域中的所有的交换机。但如果要将具体的交换机端口划入某个vlan,就必须在该端口所属的交换机上进行设置。
D、将交换机端口划入vlan
例如,要将par1、par2、par3……分支交换机的端口1划入counter vlan,端口2划入market vlan,端口3划入managing vlan…… par1(config)#interface fastethernet 0/1 配置端口1
par1(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10 归属counter vlan
par1(config)#interface fastethernet 0/2 配置端口2
par1(config-if)#switchport access vlan 11 归属market vlan
par1(config)#interface fastethernet 0/3 配置端口3
par1(config-if)#switchport access vlan 12 归属managing vlan
par2(config)#interface fastethernet 0/1 配置端口1
par2(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10 归属counter vlan
par2(config)#interface fastethernet 0/2 配置端口2
par2(config-if)#switchport access vlan 11 归属market vlan
par2(config)#interface fastethernet 0/3 配置端口3
par2(config-if)#switchport access vlan 12 归属managing vlan
par3(config)#interface fastethernet 0/1 配置端口1
par3(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10 归属counter vlan
par3(config)#interface fastethernet 0/2 配置端口2
par3(config-if)#switchport access vlan 11 归属market vlan
par3(config)#interface fastethernet 0/3 配置端口3
par3(config-if)#switchport access vlan 12 归属managing vlan
…… E、配置三层交换 到这里,vlan已经基本划分完毕。但是,vlan间如何实现三层(网络层)交换呢?这时就要给各vlan分配网络(ip)地址了。给vlan分配ip地址分两种情况,其一,给vlan所有的节点分配静态ip地址;其二,给vlan所有的节点分配动态ip地址。下面就这两种情况分别介绍。 假设给vlan counter分配的接口ip地址为172.16.58.1/24,网络地址为:172.16.58.0, vlan market 分配的接口ip地址为172.16.59.1/24,网络地址为:172.16.59.0, vlan managing分配接口ip地址为172.16.60.1/24, 网络地址为172.16.60.0
…… 如果动态分配ip地址,则设网络上的dhcp服务器ip地址为172.16.1.11。 (1)给vlan所有的节点分配静态ip地址。 首先在核心交换机上分别设置各vlan的接口ip地址。核心交换机将vlan做为一种接口对待,就象路由器上的一样,如下所示:com(config)#interface vlan 10
com(config-if)#ip address 172.16.58.1 255.255.255.0 vlan10接口ip
com(config)#interface vlan 11
com(config-if)#ip address 172.16.59.1 255.255.255.0 vlan11接口ip
com(config)#interface vlan 12
com(config-if)#ip address 172.16.60.1 255.255.255.0 vlan12接口ip
…… 再在各接入vlan的计算机上设置与所属vlan的网络地址一致的ip地址,并且把默认网关设置为该vlan的接口地址。这样,所有的vlan也可以互访了。
(2)给vlan所有的节点分配动态ip地址。
首先在核心交换机上分别
设置各vlan的接口ip地址和同样的dhcp服务器的ip地址,如下所示: com(config)#interface vlan 10
com(config-if)#ip address 172.16.58.1 255.255.255.0 vlan10接口ip
com(config-if)#ip helper-address 172.16.1.11 dhcp server ip
com(config)#interface vlan 11
com(config-if)#ip address 172.16.59.1 255.255.255.0 vlan11接口ip
com(config-if)#ip helper-address 172.16.1.11 dhcp server ip
com(config)#interface vlan 12
com(config-if)#ip address 172.16.60.1 255.255.255.0 vlan12接口ip
com(config-if)#ip helper-address 172.16.1.11 dhcp server ip
…… 再在dhcp服务器上设置网络地址分别为172.16.58.0,172.16.59.0,172.16.60.0的作用域,并将这些作用域的“路由器”选项设置为对应vlan的接口ip地址。这样,可以保证所有的vlan也可以互访了。 最后在各接入vlan的计算机进行网络设置,将ip地址选项设置为自动获得ip地址即可。
总结关于找工作的20条经验
07年毕业,还没有单干的资本,我分析我自己也不适合单干,一直在打工,也倾向于一辈子打工。我工作快两年了,回顾一下自己的经历,写了点东西。大家也一起来说说经验吧,共同交流一下,互相促进,增长一点本领。 凡是跟帖回复的,写出真实经历的,揭露无良公司假招聘手法的,表扬优秀雇主的,谴责恶劣雇主的,能给版友们启发的,介绍你现在所在的城市的人力资源状况的,……,识字不疯狂同志都向您表达崇高的敬意。下面就是我的文字了。 经验一:光鲜的招聘现场背后不一定代表一个正规友善、蓬勃向上的公司。比如2007年初我经历过一个大型**超市,它很快就倒闭了,招聘现场非常热闹,招聘手法非常有现代感——但是,两个月后,这家公司倒闭了。所以判断一个公司的实力,最好还是上网查一下、到公司问一下,像这个公司的供货商或者合作伙伴打听一下,绝人不能看招聘时的场面或者招聘人员的自我宣传。 经验二:招聘人员的高素质,不代表将来直接和你一起工作的人同样素质高;很多朋友都遇到过这样的问题,好不容易看到了一个知情达理的HR,谈得也很好。去工作了以后,才发现那个公司很乱套,除了那个HR以外的人员都非常差,甚至你会发现那个HR也很差。 经验三:经常招聘的公司,基本都不好地方,多数还有圈套。广为人知的就是**证券、**建材、**保险,别看他们还是上市公司,骗起人来都是一套一套的。在国外店越大越得谨慎,但是目前国内越大的店越具有欺负人的潜质,还没人管,**建材就是典型。 经验四:招聘人员夸夸其谈的、使用煽动性语言的,多数都是陷阱。这样的有很多,一般都是几个穿着西装领带的人在招聘现场唾沫横飞,职位一般都是销售,许诺只要你能干,月薪3000、5000、10000,甚至100000都不在话下。比较出名的还有**保险的"保险,永不失业的朝阳产业",靠,如果是永不失业的朝阳产业,你怎么还每周都到人才市场招人? 经验五:如果你不喜欢现在的专业,决心要通过考研究生改行,那么不必在考研究生之前找工作,考完后也会有工作的,尤其是春节以后。人的精力有限,集中兵力做好一件事情。反正你都想改行了,就不要想工作的事情。《圣经》中说,上帝要毁掉所多玛城的时候,透信给一个哥们,让那哥们赶紧走,就是不能回头,回头就变成盐柱了。结果那哥们,哎…… 经验六:招聘的时候资方不谈给多少钱的,多数都是给的很少,不好意思说,先把你人忽悠去了再说。谈薪水这个东西是非常非常非常正常的,刚毕业的学生可能还有点扭转不过来,以为谈钱是多不好意思的事呀。被雇用不就是出卖自己么,卖自己之前怎么也得有个价码呀。绝口不谈薪水的公司,多半都是给的钱非常少;当然也有一些国际大公司,事先不谈薪水的,因为行业内的人都知道薪水肯定少不了。 经验七:交押金的、押毕业证原件的都是一些不爽的地方。能不去就不去。我遇见过要求抵押毕业证原件的,是一个台资企业,也遇见过要交押金的,是一个四川民企,说是公司有很多商业秘密,所以要押金。你把青春压上了,还要压毕业证或是现金,这样的地方是无论如何也不要理会的。 经验八:老总亲自去招聘的,基本都是很小的公司。中国的民企长不大,和老总的素质关系极大,当然了老总的素质低下也是全民整体素质低下的表现,不是说素质低的人才做老板。在招聘会现场,凡是那些一脸深沉、浑身霸气、看人的眼光挑三拣四、交谈的时候很没有礼貌、张口我的公司现在已经很大了、闭口你要是来我们公司还得试用半年……的老总,基本上都不要考虑去他们的公司了。 经验九:关于各种保险和住房公积金。第一不要相信企业的许诺,他说有,但是很多时候没有。第二,即使有,也可能很少很少。我的一个朋友每个月的工资在3K左右,公司给缴了3年多的医疗保险,但是一场感冒医保卡里面的钱就全都没有了,因为那个公司是按照月工资300元给缴的保险——他的工资的确是三百元,剩下的都是奖金。 经验十:绝大多数公司定下的面试时间都不准确。从招聘约会的时间上看,目前我们国家的绝大多数企业实在还是停留在很低级的管理水平上,按照约定好的时间到了,还要等上一个小时两个小时,在招聘的人眼里看来那都是很正常的。中国人的时间观念差,可见一斑。有些大企业要好一些,很守时。甚至告诉你8:55到什么地方,9:00到什么地方,有专人接送。如果有公司迟到什么,不要太生气,都那味,不守时的公司不见得是很差的公司。 经验十一:女孩子要注意的。有一些公司是来招儿媳妇的、招小姐的,这是比较明显的骗局。还有一些公司需要大量的文员,他就不断地招聘女生以很低的薪水去做那些基础性的工作,试用期一过就说你不合格。另外企业人员素质非常差比如说什么司机保安都能甚嚣尘上的公司,或者男女关系很复杂的公司,也都不要去。 经验十二:广结善缘、不去那里工作,也不要弄出点仇来。踏入社会后每接触的一个人或者一个公司,都可能与你未来生活产生关联。如果你不想被他雇用,也不要和他结下梁子,无论他可能多么没礼貌、或者他开除的薪水是多么没有礼貌。和颜悦色的表达你的拒绝的意思就行了。我仍举上面说过的那个四川的网络公司,他们对有1年经验的员工给出的待遇是,试用期500、转正700,试用期三个月,无论试用转正都没有合同,头两个月要扣除300元押金(第一个月扣200也就是开300,第二个月扣100也就是开400),除此以外没有任何形式的补助、奖金、保险、公积金,每周休息一天。但是随时加班,没有加班费。加班到晚上没有公交车的时候,也不给报打车费,公司内有大通铺,爱睡不睡。 这个公司把我激怒了。因为我在填写薪酬待遇的时候添了2k,而且特意在人才市场现场询问了招聘者,能不能达到这个数字。那个招聘的女士很礼貌的说,你下午来吧,这是地址条。我下午推了很重要的事情去的,并且那个公司的面试迟到了少一个小时,结果那个给我递条的人,也就是人力资源主任,在她的办公室同样优雅的说着上面的待遇的时候,我彻底被激怒了,不待脏字的把她骂了,为了我付出的那些时间。 但是,事后反省,我觉得没有必要骂人。因为那不能是我自己的境遇有所改善。在那以后无论碰上多么差劲的招聘者,我都没有发脾气。我可以选择不被他雇用,但是可能以后这个公司就是我的客户,何必呢。 经验十三:小心“后备主管”“储备经理”等。这些职位一般都是招男生,招进去了以后什么活都干,什么苦都吃。因为你是“后备”“储备”呀,所以什么活都让你干。这种把戏多见于那些季节性的行业,比如夏天的酒店和旅行社。 经验十四:永远不要相信承诺,也不要相信合同。这是目前我国的国情。空口固然无凭,盖上了红章章的黑纸白字一样也是废纸。对于一个公司对待员工的状况,口碑这个东东要比承诺、合同都更稍微可信一点。 经验十五:关于劳动合同。多研究一下《劳动法》《合同法》吧,签合同之前要把一些问题搞清楚。很多时候,签还是不签,那是一个问题呀!这个问题比较复杂,我说不太清楚。因为种种种种的原因,我从来就没跟雇主签过合同,虽然我希望做一个守法公民。 经验十六:在选择被谁雇佣之前,仔细计算一下投入产出比例??薪水不是唯一应该被考虑的元素,甚至连重要因素都不是。比如说一个人挣5k,另外一个人挣2k,表面看来收入5k的要比收入2k的收入高很多。但是如果这个挣5k的每天10小时严重超负荷工作,每两周只有一天休息,而且他从事的工作比较封闭,拓展的空间比较小,接触的人也非常少;那个收入2k的每周工作5天,一天8小时,公司有各种培训,工作很开放,拓展的空间也很大。那么我想这两个人五年以后的健康状况、做人境界、收入境界的差别都会非常大的。 经验十七:穿着打扮。面试的时候算是一个比较正式的场合了,所以就要打扮得有那么一点职业气息,绝大多数的公司都需要规矩人。所以如果应聘的不是很需要创造力的职位的话,还是在头几次打扮得乖巧一点,以后模着到了,再怎么舒服怎么穿。女孩子面试的时候,不必特意打扮的,又是做头发、又是买衣服的,不是很有必要。如果一个公司因为你打扮得妖艳看上了你,那才是需要担忧的事情。更有甚者,我听说过有很多人在大学四年级的时候整容,呵呵,那种自我摧残就不要了。一个员工的价值,不在于它是单眼皮合适的双眼皮,在于她眼睛的洞察力。 经验十八:要不要美丽的撒谎。有一些谎言,还是要有的,那种善意的。比如人问你打算在北京定居么,你总不能实话实说这个鬼地方风沙大停车贵总堵车我干两年就回九寨沟老家。 经验十九:刚刚毕业尽量进大公司。应届毕业生,对于公司的选择更要慎重,哈佛的几个心理学家研究过人的第一份工作和一生发展轨迹的关系,得出的结论是人的第一个工作的对一个人的影响比我们想象的还要大,因为那奠定了一个人很多的思考习惯,行为习惯。在高效率的公司干过,到了低效率的公司也能适应。不过要是在一个小公司养成了一身坏毛病,以后的发展就很受限制。大公司之所以能成为大公司,肯定是有过人之处的。进一个好公司相当于上一个好大学,不知不觉中就出息了。 经验二十:招聘人缺少教养的,不管工资给到多高,也不要去。一个公司让缺少礼貌的人去负责招聘,这个公司根本就不值得期待。 其实,把这些都写完以后,我心里也知道,几乎没有公司能够完全按照法律条文上说的那样用工,尤其是对待像大学本科生这样的低级劳动力。既然大学本科生就是过剩劳动力(无论你多牛,从经验这个角度上,你都是过剩的,官方公布的9%的失业率就意味着你将近一成的师兄师姐还没工作呢),所以你必然要碰上一些情况,碰上以后比较合理的选择就是忍气吞声,知道要计较什么不要计较什么,反抗不了就尽情享受吧。
2008年8月4日星期一
Pass4side 经验共享:路由备份和负载均衡
经验共享:路由备份和负载均衡
1)可以针对两条线路先加两条默认路由:以第一条优先,如果第一条线路出现故障,将自动跳转到第二条线路上。
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 x.x.x.x
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 y.y.y.y
(2)如果在第一条线路正常的情况下,需要由第二条线路负载部分,可以在(1)的基础上,做策略路由。如下:
进入路由器内网接口假设是fa0/0
int fa0/0
ip policy route-map yy ( 在端口绑定策略路由)
A、对部分网段做策略,例把192.168.1.0和192.168.2.0 跳转到y.y.y.y线路上部分负载。
access-list 12 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255
access-list 12 permit 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255
route-map yy permit 10 (定义策略yy)
match ip address 12 (匹配控制列表12)
set ip next-hop y.y.y.y (设置下一跳地址,即数据包途经的下一个路由器接口地址[网关])
B、对部分主机做策略,例把主机192.168.3.11和主机192.168.4.12 跳转到y.y.y.y线路上部分负载(默认这两个网段地址是走第一条默认路由的,即x.x.x.x)。
access-list 101 permit ip host 192.168.3.11 any
access-list 101 permit ip host 192.168.4.12 any
route-map yy permit 20 (定义策略yy)
match ip address 101 (匹配控制列表101)
set ip next-hop y.y.y.y (设置下一跳地址,即数据包途经的下一个路由器接口地址[网关])
这样在默认情况下,除了以上策略路由中定义的网段和主机外,其他网段所有主机均通过线路x.x.x.x连接到外部网络,如果x.x.x.x这条线路出现故障,默认路由就会变成y.y.y.y,并且策略路由都在y.y.y.y线路上,所以不会受到影响……
1)可以针对两条线路先加两条默认路由:以第一条优先,如果第一条线路出现故障,将自动跳转到第二条线路上。
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 x.x.x.x
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 y.y.y.y
(2)如果在第一条线路正常的情况下,需要由第二条线路负载部分,可以在(1)的基础上,做策略路由。如下:
进入路由器内网接口假设是fa0/0
int fa0/0
ip policy route-map yy ( 在端口绑定策略路由)
A、对部分网段做策略,例把192.168.1.0和192.168.2.0 跳转到y.y.y.y线路上部分负载。
access-list 12 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255
access-list 12 permit 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255
route-map yy permit 10 (定义策略yy)
match ip address 12 (匹配控制列表12)
set ip next-hop y.y.y.y (设置下一跳地址,即数据包途经的下一个路由器接口地址[网关])
B、对部分主机做策略,例把主机192.168.3.11和主机192.168.4.12 跳转到y.y.y.y线路上部分负载(默认这两个网段地址是走第一条默认路由的,即x.x.x.x)。
access-list 101 permit ip host 192.168.3.11 any
access-list 101 permit ip host 192.168.4.12 any
route-map yy permit 20 (定义策略yy)
match ip address 101 (匹配控制列表101)
set ip next-hop y.y.y.y (设置下一跳地址,即数据包途经的下一个路由器接口地址[网关])
这样在默认情况下,除了以上策略路由中定义的网段和主机外,其他网段所有主机均通过线路x.x.x.x连接到外部网络,如果x.x.x.x这条线路出现故障,默认路由就会变成y.y.y.y,并且策略路由都在y.y.y.y线路上,所以不会受到影响……
思科考试券如何获得,问题汇总
如何获得思科考试券问题:成为普尔文指定的思科考试报名点有什么好处?回答:指定报名点有权从普尔文购买思科考试券普尔文会在中文网页上列出各城市的指定报名点,引导考生到这些地方报名和交费可以得到一定的经济利益
问题:思科指定报名点的主要工作和责任是什么?回答:主要工作是指导考生填报名表,将信息录入电脑,向普尔文发注册邮件主要责任是:提供优质服务,遵守思科价格规定,提前购买考试券关于服务质量的要求详见《成立思科指定报名点保证书》
问题:如何成为思科考试指定报名点?回答:申请者需要填写《成立思科指定报名点保证书》,签字盖章需要提供申请公司的营业执照和税务登记证的复印件并再在复印件上盖公章;法人身份证复印件;
将以上要求的文件原件快递到普尔文公司在获得普尔文批准后,申请者将得到报名点唯一代码,以及考券订购单,考生报名表等相关文件报名点需要先交服务保证金(已经有预付款的APTC免交)并预购第一批考券后(不少于十张),才能开始向考生提供服务,该报名点才会出现在普尔文中文网页的“指定思科考试报名点名单”中。
问题:报名点能否为思考网院学生提供报名服务回答:经过普尔文同意的报名点可以提供该服务。
问题:能不能为考生注册当天的考试?回答:在早晨11点以前发出注册邮件才能被注册中心处理。
问题: 考试中心的开放时间是几点:回答: 考场开放时间为: 下午13:00—15:00(第一场); 15:00—17:00(第二场); 17:00—20:00(第三场)。考生可以按系统中显示的有效时间段选择合适的考试时间。超过两个小时的考试只能安排在第三场。
问题:报名点如何帮助考生更改或取消考试?回答:考生在收到系统注册确认函后,如果想更改时间的话,可以直接回复邮件给注册中心自行更改,相关政策和流程详见普尔文中文网页有关说明。报名点的责任是给予相关政策和流程指导。
对符合条件的考生(在原定考试日期前至少一个工作日中午12点前提出申请的考生),报名点要马上联系注册中心,在系统成功取消注册后,报名点负责给考生退费。问题:定购思科考试券有没有时间限制,是否必须是工作日?回答:定购思科考试券的时间为每周一至周五(法定节假日除外),9:00am —5:00pm。晚于5:00pm将视为下一个工作日收到的订单。
问题:考试券什么时候能收到?回答:收到付款后在二个工作日内给您提供电子的考试券号码,考试券号码会发送到您在“Prometric考试券订购单”提供的邮箱内。
问题:发票如何取得?回答:20日前收到的汇款,发票会在当月以挂号信的方式寄出。20日后收到的汇款,会在下月以挂号信的方式寄出。
问题:考试券的有效期是多久,定购后可否取消?有效期过后可否延长?回答:如无特殊说明,有效期的设定一般为定购的时间开始的一年内有效,即订购日期为2007年2月10日, 考试券的有效期到2008年2月9日,购买的考试券必须在有效期内注册并完成考试。考试券定购后不能取消。考试券的有效期不能延长。
问题:每张订单是否有起定数量?回答:有,每张订单至少三张考试券。问题:思科考试券是一种吗?回答:思科不同的考试对应不同的考试券,而且价格不同,在填写“Prometric考试券订购单”请清楚阐明考试券种类。
问题:已经用在报名表上的券是否还能再用?回答:不可以,除非用该券所注册的考试被及时取消。
问题:思科指定报名点的主要工作和责任是什么?回答:主要工作是指导考生填报名表,将信息录入电脑,向普尔文发注册邮件主要责任是:提供优质服务,遵守思科价格规定,提前购买考试券关于服务质量的要求详见《成立思科指定报名点保证书》
问题:如何成为思科考试指定报名点?回答:申请者需要填写《成立思科指定报名点保证书》,签字盖章需要提供申请公司的营业执照和税务登记证的复印件并再在复印件上盖公章;法人身份证复印件;
将以上要求的文件原件快递到普尔文公司在获得普尔文批准后,申请者将得到报名点唯一代码,以及考券订购单,考生报名表等相关文件报名点需要先交服务保证金(已经有预付款的APTC免交)并预购第一批考券后(不少于十张),才能开始向考生提供服务,该报名点才会出现在普尔文中文网页的“指定思科考试报名点名单”中。
问题:报名点能否为思考网院学生提供报名服务回答:经过普尔文同意的报名点可以提供该服务。
问题:能不能为考生注册当天的考试?回答:在早晨11点以前发出注册邮件才能被注册中心处理。
问题: 考试中心的开放时间是几点:回答: 考场开放时间为: 下午13:00—15:00(第一场); 15:00—17:00(第二场); 17:00—20:00(第三场)。考生可以按系统中显示的有效时间段选择合适的考试时间。超过两个小时的考试只能安排在第三场。
问题:报名点如何帮助考生更改或取消考试?回答:考生在收到系统注册确认函后,如果想更改时间的话,可以直接回复邮件给注册中心自行更改,相关政策和流程详见普尔文中文网页有关说明。报名点的责任是给予相关政策和流程指导。
对符合条件的考生(在原定考试日期前至少一个工作日中午12点前提出申请的考生),报名点要马上联系注册中心,在系统成功取消注册后,报名点负责给考生退费。问题:定购思科考试券有没有时间限制,是否必须是工作日?回答:定购思科考试券的时间为每周一至周五(法定节假日除外),9:00am —5:00pm。晚于5:00pm将视为下一个工作日收到的订单。
问题:考试券什么时候能收到?回答:收到付款后在二个工作日内给您提供电子的考试券号码,考试券号码会发送到您在“Prometric考试券订购单”提供的邮箱内。
问题:发票如何取得?回答:20日前收到的汇款,发票会在当月以挂号信的方式寄出。20日后收到的汇款,会在下月以挂号信的方式寄出。
问题:考试券的有效期是多久,定购后可否取消?有效期过后可否延长?回答:如无特殊说明,有效期的设定一般为定购的时间开始的一年内有效,即订购日期为2007年2月10日, 考试券的有效期到2008年2月9日,购买的考试券必须在有效期内注册并完成考试。考试券定购后不能取消。考试券的有效期不能延长。
问题:每张订单是否有起定数量?回答:有,每张订单至少三张考试券。问题:思科考试券是一种吗?回答:思科不同的考试对应不同的考试券,而且价格不同,在填写“Prometric考试券订购单”请清楚阐明考试券种类。
问题:已经用在报名表上的券是否还能再用?回答:不可以,除非用该券所注册的考试被及时取消。
2008年7月31日星期四
Pass4side CCNP-BSCI 002静态路由
CCNP-BSCI 002静态路由
静态路由(复习)
前面谈到,路由器依靠路由表来转发数据报文。那么路由表是如何产生的呢?
路由表的完善依靠两种方式:人为的以手工方式输入信息(静态获得);通过某种协议来自动的获取信息。(动态学习)
那么它们各自的优势和弊端在哪里呢?
静态路由:很明显,既然是人为的手工输入信息,那么如果网络规模过大,需要的工作量很大。但是可以对路由表查询实施精确的控制;
动态路由:相比静态而言,它是由路由器动态学习获得,它节省了人力,但是对于任何程度而言,自动化的程度越高,它的可控程度就越差,不便于人为的干预。
具体该采用哪一种,依照实际情况而定。一般我们都会采用动态和静态结合的方式来完善路由表。
在CISCO路由器上,我们配置静态路由的语法:
在全局模式下
router(config)#ip route prefix mask {next-hop addressinterface} [distance] [permanent]
prefix mask :我们要加入的远程网络的网络号及掩码
next-hop address:去往该远程网络的下一跳地址(用直连的下一站地址)
interface:去往远程网络的出口(用接口名)
distance:管理距离(指明去往该网络的某条路径的可信任程度)
permanent:路由条目永久保存在路由表中,即使路由器的接口down 掉了该条目也会被存于路由表中
注:一般情况下,我们只在点对点的链路中采用interface选项,否则采用next-hop选项
还有一种特殊的静态路由--默认路由
router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 {next-hop addressinterface} [distance] [permanent]
除了用0/0替换掉普通静态路由里的目标地址字段外,其他的无变化,这里的0/0代表的是所有网络,也就是该路由器所有的未知网络,均丛我们指定的接口或下一站出去
有些时候,我们觉得静态路由过于麻烦,而且一旦配置好后,如果发生了拓扑变化,我们又要更改,但是又不想使用动态路由,该怎么办呢?CISCO提供的ODR就是一个不错的选择。
它一般应用于hub-and-spoke网络中,采用CDP(CISCO发现协议)来动态的收集网络信息,它只需要配置在中心设备上。一条命令搞定
router(config)#router odr 但是所有路由器必须都开启CDP
它可以减少设备的工作负担,节省了人力,当拓扑发生改变时,不需要人为的再去干预,但是它只能运行在hub-and-spoke网络中,而且由于CDP是CISCO专用,也就是说,它对设备的要求比较苛刻。
摘自:
http://51-test.cn/
静态路由(复习)
前面谈到,路由器依靠路由表来转发数据报文。那么路由表是如何产生的呢?
路由表的完善依靠两种方式:人为的以手工方式输入信息(静态获得);通过某种协议来自动的获取信息。(动态学习)
那么它们各自的优势和弊端在哪里呢?
静态路由:很明显,既然是人为的手工输入信息,那么如果网络规模过大,需要的工作量很大。但是可以对路由表查询实施精确的控制;
动态路由:相比静态而言,它是由路由器动态学习获得,它节省了人力,但是对于任何程度而言,自动化的程度越高,它的可控程度就越差,不便于人为的干预。
具体该采用哪一种,依照实际情况而定。一般我们都会采用动态和静态结合的方式来完善路由表。
在CISCO路由器上,我们配置静态路由的语法:
在全局模式下
router(config)#ip route prefix mask {next-hop addressinterface} [distance] [permanent]
prefix mask :我们要加入的远程网络的网络号及掩码
next-hop address:去往该远程网络的下一跳地址(用直连的下一站地址)
interface:去往远程网络的出口(用接口名)
distance:管理距离(指明去往该网络的某条路径的可信任程度)
permanent:路由条目永久保存在路由表中,即使路由器的接口down 掉了该条目也会被存于路由表中
注:一般情况下,我们只在点对点的链路中采用interface选项,否则采用next-hop选项
还有一种特殊的静态路由--默认路由
router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 {next-hop addressinterface} [distance] [permanent]
除了用0/0替换掉普通静态路由里的目标地址字段外,其他的无变化,这里的0/0代表的是所有网络,也就是该路由器所有的未知网络,均丛我们指定的接口或下一站出去
有些时候,我们觉得静态路由过于麻烦,而且一旦配置好后,如果发生了拓扑变化,我们又要更改,但是又不想使用动态路由,该怎么办呢?CISCO提供的ODR就是一个不错的选择。
它一般应用于hub-and-spoke网络中,采用CDP(CISCO发现协议)来动态的收集网络信息,它只需要配置在中心设备上。一条命令搞定
router(config)#router odr 但是所有路由器必须都开启CDP
它可以减少设备的工作负担,节省了人力,当拓扑发生改变时,不需要人为的再去干预,但是它只能运行在hub-and-spoke网络中,而且由于CDP是CISCO专用,也就是说,它对设备的要求比较苛刻。
摘自:
http://51-test.cn/
Pass4side 70-089精选试题
70-089精选试题
1.You are the SMS administrator for Contoso, Ltd. Your company uses Active Directory System Discovery when configuring SMS to discover computers. The Organizational Unit (OU) structure is shown in the following exhibit. (Click the Exhibit button.)
You need to configure Active Directory System Discovery to discover the computers in the Information Services OU, but not the Help Desk OU.
Which two actions should you perform? (Each correct answer presents part of the solution. Choose two.)
A:Ensure that the Recursive search option is selected.
B:Query the local domain location.
C:Query the local forest location.
D:Ensure that the Recursive search option is not selected.
E:Create a custom LDAP or GC query that points to the Information Services OU.
Correct Answers: D, E
2.You are the SMS administrator for your company. The Hardware Inventory Client Agent is enabled with the default configuration settings.
You need to ensure that the Hardware Inventory Client Agent is run every Tuesday at 19:00.
What should you do?
A: Configure the Hardware Inventory Client Agent to use a Full schedule.
B: Add an IDMIF file to each client that sets the new schedule.
C: Configure the Hardware Inventory Client Agent to use a Simple schedule.
D: Change the SMS_def.mof to comply with the new schedule.
Correct Answers: A
3.You are the SMS administrator for your company. All servers run Microsoft Windows Server 2003. All desktop computers run Windows XP Professional. The company has a single SMS 2.0 SP3 site. You plan to upgrade the SMS 2.0 site to SMS 2003 SP1.
You need to test specific upgrade tasks before implementing SMS 2003 SP1 in the production environment.
Which task should you avoid performing in a production environment?
A: installing Internet Information Services
B: upgrading to SMS 2.0 SP4
C: running the Deployment Readiness Wizard
D: running Setup.exe /testdbupgrade SMS_
Correct Answers: D
1.You are the SMS administrator for Contoso, Ltd. Your company uses Active Directory System Discovery when configuring SMS to discover computers. The Organizational Unit (OU) structure is shown in the following exhibit. (Click the Exhibit button.)
You need to configure Active Directory System Discovery to discover the computers in the Information Services OU, but not the Help Desk OU.
Which two actions should you perform? (Each correct answer presents part of the solution. Choose two.)
A:Ensure that the Recursive search option is selected.
B:Query the local domain location.
C:Query the local forest location.
D:Ensure that the Recursive search option is not selected.
E:Create a custom LDAP or GC query that points to the Information Services OU.
Correct Answers: D, E
2.You are the SMS administrator for your company. The Hardware Inventory Client Agent is enabled with the default configuration settings.
You need to ensure that the Hardware Inventory Client Agent is run every Tuesday at 19:00.
What should you do?
A: Configure the Hardware Inventory Client Agent to use a Full schedule.
B: Add an IDMIF file to each client that sets the new schedule.
C: Configure the Hardware Inventory Client Agent to use a Simple schedule.
D: Change the SMS_def.mof to comply with the new schedule.
Correct Answers: A
3.You are the SMS administrator for your company. All servers run Microsoft Windows Server 2003. All desktop computers run Windows XP Professional. The company has a single SMS 2.0 SP3 site. You plan to upgrade the SMS 2.0 site to SMS 2003 SP1.
You need to test specific upgrade tasks before implementing SMS 2003 SP1 in the production environment.
Which task should you avoid performing in a production environment?
A: installing Internet Information Services
B: upgrading to SMS 2.0 SP4
C: running the Deployment Readiness Wizard
D: running Setup.exe /testdbupgrade SMS_
Correct Answers: D
2008年7月16日星期三
Cisco CCNA Certification Overview
Cisco CCNA Certification Overview
The Cisco CCNA network associate certification validates the ability to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot medium-size routed and switched networks, including implementation and verification of connections to remote sites in a WAN. This new curriculum includes basic mitigation of security threats, introduction to wireless networking concepts and terminology, and performance-based skills. This new curriculum also includes (but is not limited to) the use of these protocols: IP, Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), Serial Line Interface Protocol Frame Relay, Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2),VLANs, Ethernet, access control lists (ACLs)List of CCNA Certification Exams[ 640-822 ] Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 [ 640-816 ] Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 [ 640-802 ] Cisco Certified Network Associate [ 640-821 ] Introduction to Cisco Networking Technologies [ 640-811 ] Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices [ 640-801 ] CCNA
The Cisco CCNA network associate certification validates the ability to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot medium-size routed and switched networks, including implementation and verification of connections to remote sites in a WAN. This new curriculum includes basic mitigation of security threats, introduction to wireless networking concepts and terminology, and performance-based skills. This new curriculum also includes (but is not limited to) the use of these protocols: IP, Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), Serial Line Interface Protocol Frame Relay, Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2),VLANs, Ethernet, access control lists (ACLs)List of CCNA Certification Exams[ 640-822 ] Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 [ 640-816 ] Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 [ 640-802 ] Cisco Certified Network Associate [ 640-821 ] Introduction to Cisco Networking Technologies [ 640-811 ] Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices [ 640-801 ] CCNA
New CCNA exam number will be 640-802
New CCNA exam number will be 640-802
Cisco certification news, 640-801 CCNA will be expired in 11/6/07. The new Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) exam number is 640-802.
The 640-802 Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) is the cnposite exam associated with the Cisco Certified Network Associate certification. Candidates can prepare for this exam by taking the Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 (ICND1) v1.0 and the Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2) v1.0 courses. This exam tests a candidate’s knowledge and skills required to install, operate, and troubleshoot a small to medium size enterprise branch network. The topics include connecting to a WAN; implementing network security; network types; network media; routing and switching fundamentals; the TCP/IP and OSI models; IP addressing; WAN technologies; operating and configuring IOS devices; extending switched networks with VLANs; determining IP routes; managing IP traffic with access lists; establishing point-to-point connections; and establishing Frame Relay connections.
Cisco certification news, 640-801 CCNA will be expired in 11/6/07. The new Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) exam number is 640-802.
The 640-802 Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) is the cnposite exam associated with the Cisco Certified Network Associate certification. Candidates can prepare for this exam by taking the Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 (ICND1) v1.0 and the Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2) v1.0 courses. This exam tests a candidate’s knowledge and skills required to install, operate, and troubleshoot a small to medium size enterprise branch network. The topics include connecting to a WAN; implementing network security; network types; network media; routing and switching fundamentals; the TCP/IP and OSI models; IP addressing; WAN technologies; operating and configuring IOS devices; extending switched networks with VLANs; determining IP routes; managing IP traffic with access lists; establishing point-to-point connections; and establishing Frame Relay connections.
2008年7月7日星期一
Cisco Cert Exams need to be revamped
Cisco Cert Exams need to be revamped
After a week of reading, taking notes, lab work, I wrote the cisco academy exams and hands-on skills, followed by the CCNPISCW cert exam. I’ve been doing these certifications and exams for quite a long time now and thought while sitting here at the Calgary airport I may as well jot down a few observations and thoughts I’ve been mulling around as a result.
I just took a look at a mock testing exam someone sent my way from pass4side. Having just written the ISCW I was able to note that almost every question on this mock test was identical to what was on the certification. I was amazed! Someone, I think from China judging by the language on parts of the screenshots, had actually screen captured all the exam questions including parts of the testlets. I went through the exam to see how their answers matched to mine, and noticed a couple of the testlets were way off, but for the most part, the answers were fairly accurate. So, what does this mean? Well for starters, it definitely lowers the credibility of the cisco exams at the CCNA & CCNP level. The CCIE still holds its value due to the lab exam, but the written only parts for the rest of the cert exams have now been relegated to nothing more than a formality.
Although the cheat exams are not a new concern, I really haven’t spent a any time thinking or caring about it until recently. As an instructor at a cisco academy, I think certificates and diplomas from accredited cisco academies are now almost a must have for students without previous networking experience. I believe this provides an employer with some substantiation as to the credibility of the certification designation for a potential employee. Obviously, if you have 5+ years of experience in the networking field, that will speak for itself, but for younger up and cning network engineers, the lab work and hands-on skill testing at an academy is invaluable. I discussed this point with a colleague who mentioned that in his CCNPclasses, it is often painfully obvious the difference between students that obtained their CCNA after going through an academy program and those that followed a quick and easy do-it-yourself approach. Now this by no means means that you can’t do it at home if you are a motivated individual with a good study plan and access to the hardware, but at the intro level this doesn’t seem to be the norm.
So, lets focus on this for a moment. Most academies that I have talked weight their hands on skills much more heavily than the chapter and final assessments that are part of the cisco academy. As instructors, we are all aware that these assessments are readily available on the Internet if you know where to search, so we have to find ways of assessing the true knowledge of our students. Hence why we turn to hands-on practical scenarios that test concepts as opposed to the silly process of memorizing the default options or menu items in the cisco graphical configuration manager. I found the ISCW exam to be riddled with very questionable pedagogical value. If cisco do not improve this, then their certifications will, and some would argue already have, relegate their intro and intermediate certifications to a laughing stock.
Now please don’t confuse what I think about the cert exam questions with the material and skills you are expected to learn and master as part of the requirement for a cert such as the CCNP/CCVP. My issue and opinion is that the cert exams do not fairly assess proficiency. I have studied much of the CCNP curriculum backwards and forwards from having to teach it, but when I cne out of the cert exams I almost feel ripped off in how little opportunity I had to demonstrate my grasp of the material.
I’m sure cisco have recognized these issues and are working on solutions, but here is my 2c. DYNAMIPS! Building on the fact that the testlets appeared to be where the pass4side exam was weakest, more simulation certainly appears to be attractive. I must also confess that I enjoyed the testlets. Granted they were fairly simple for the most part, but they were the questions I felt assessed my skills more fairly. The config type questions were probably the next best, but I think simulations could achieve the same assessment objective. So why not shorten the written section to about 20 or 30 GOOD individual questions or ones based on testlets/scenarios, and then tack on a 2/3 hour practical simulation? I realize the marking now becnes an issue, but I’m sure an assessment tool, similar to an improved version of what is available in packet tracer, could be developed. I suppose some would argue that this would increase the cost, but then and again my daughter’s Royal Conservatory Grade 1 Music theory exam cost about $125 and that is manually marked! However, more importantly, I believe this would dramatically improve the credibility of the cert exams. Look at the respect the CCIE still garners! Although it is partly due to the shear quantity of knowledge and understanding one has to attain, I believe the prestige still cnes from the fact that you have had to demonstrate your skills in a cnplex and challenging proctored hands-on skills assessment.
Well the plane is about to board so I’ll end it there. Certainly some food for thought.
After a week of reading, taking notes, lab work, I wrote the cisco academy exams and hands-on skills, followed by the CCNPISCW cert exam. I’ve been doing these certifications and exams for quite a long time now and thought while sitting here at the Calgary airport I may as well jot down a few observations and thoughts I’ve been mulling around as a result.
I just took a look at a mock testing exam someone sent my way from pass4side. Having just written the ISCW I was able to note that almost every question on this mock test was identical to what was on the certification. I was amazed! Someone, I think from China judging by the language on parts of the screenshots, had actually screen captured all the exam questions including parts of the testlets. I went through the exam to see how their answers matched to mine, and noticed a couple of the testlets were way off, but for the most part, the answers were fairly accurate. So, what does this mean? Well for starters, it definitely lowers the credibility of the cisco exams at the CCNA & CCNP level. The CCIE still holds its value due to the lab exam, but the written only parts for the rest of the cert exams have now been relegated to nothing more than a formality.
Although the cheat exams are not a new concern, I really haven’t spent a any time thinking or caring about it until recently. As an instructor at a cisco academy, I think certificates and diplomas from accredited cisco academies are now almost a must have for students without previous networking experience. I believe this provides an employer with some substantiation as to the credibility of the certification designation for a potential employee. Obviously, if you have 5+ years of experience in the networking field, that will speak for itself, but for younger up and cning network engineers, the lab work and hands-on skill testing at an academy is invaluable. I discussed this point with a colleague who mentioned that in his CCNPclasses, it is often painfully obvious the difference between students that obtained their CCNA after going through an academy program and those that followed a quick and easy do-it-yourself approach. Now this by no means means that you can’t do it at home if you are a motivated individual with a good study plan and access to the hardware, but at the intro level this doesn’t seem to be the norm.
So, lets focus on this for a moment. Most academies that I have talked weight their hands on skills much more heavily than the chapter and final assessments that are part of the cisco academy. As instructors, we are all aware that these assessments are readily available on the Internet if you know where to search, so we have to find ways of assessing the true knowledge of our students. Hence why we turn to hands-on practical scenarios that test concepts as opposed to the silly process of memorizing the default options or menu items in the cisco graphical configuration manager. I found the ISCW exam to be riddled with very questionable pedagogical value. If cisco do not improve this, then their certifications will, and some would argue already have, relegate their intro and intermediate certifications to a laughing stock.
Now please don’t confuse what I think about the cert exam questions with the material and skills you are expected to learn and master as part of the requirement for a cert such as the CCNP/CCVP. My issue and opinion is that the cert exams do not fairly assess proficiency. I have studied much of the CCNP curriculum backwards and forwards from having to teach it, but when I cne out of the cert exams I almost feel ripped off in how little opportunity I had to demonstrate my grasp of the material.
I’m sure cisco have recognized these issues and are working on solutions, but here is my 2c. DYNAMIPS! Building on the fact that the testlets appeared to be where the pass4side exam was weakest, more simulation certainly appears to be attractive. I must also confess that I enjoyed the testlets. Granted they were fairly simple for the most part, but they were the questions I felt assessed my skills more fairly. The config type questions were probably the next best, but I think simulations could achieve the same assessment objective. So why not shorten the written section to about 20 or 30 GOOD individual questions or ones based on testlets/scenarios, and then tack on a 2/3 hour practical simulation? I realize the marking now becnes an issue, but I’m sure an assessment tool, similar to an improved version of what is available in packet tracer, could be developed. I suppose some would argue that this would increase the cost, but then and again my daughter’s Royal Conservatory Grade 1 Music theory exam cost about $125 and that is manually marked! However, more importantly, I believe this would dramatically improve the credibility of the cert exams. Look at the respect the CCIE still garners! Although it is partly due to the shear quantity of knowledge and understanding one has to attain, I believe the prestige still cnes from the fact that you have had to demonstrate your skills in a cnplex and challenging proctored hands-on skills assessment.
Well the plane is about to board so I’ll end it there. Certainly some food for thought.
2008年7月1日星期二
Cisco certification exams
Cisco certification exams
640-802 - CCNA
Pass 640-802 exam in the first attempt. 6 Full featured Tests. 561 questions with answers and 191 study notes articles and exam tips.PrepKit 640-802, CCNA: ICND1 and ICND 2 is an interactive software that helps you learn, tracks your progress, identifies areas for improvements and simulates the actual exam. This PrepKit contains 6 interactive practice tests with over 561 challenging questions guaranteed to cnprehensively cover all the objectives for the 640-802: CCNA: ICND1 and ICND 2 exam. With detailed analysis for each question, over 191 study notes, interactive quizzes, tips and technical articles, this PrepKit ensures that you get a solid grasp of core technical concepts to ace your certification exam.
What is CCNA 640-802 exam?
Cisco’s CCNA 640-802 exam is an entry-level, single option exam for achieving the CCNA Certification. It validates your ability to Configure, verify and troubleshoot switches, Identify security threats to a network and to mitigate those threats and Implement, verify, and troubleshoot networks in a medium-size Enterprise branch office network. Passing this test will also help you in achieving the CCNP and CCIE certifications.
You can also get the CCNA certification through a two tests option. For this, you have to take tests
640-822 and 640-816.Is CCNA 640-802 exam right for you?
The 640-802 test is appropriate for you if you have a basic understanding of cnputers and networking technology. There are no specific prerequisites for this test, although it is recnmended that you should have at least some experience in implementing and administering networks.
This test is suitable for you if you want to work as a Network administrator, System Analyst or Network Support Professional. If you would like to know more about this test please visit the Cisco 640-802 exam page.
More information:CCNA Braindump Cisco CCNA Cisco CCNA Exams
640-802 - CCNA
Pass 640-802 exam in the first attempt. 6 Full featured Tests. 561 questions with answers and 191 study notes articles and exam tips.PrepKit 640-802, CCNA: ICND1 and ICND 2 is an interactive software that helps you learn, tracks your progress, identifies areas for improvements and simulates the actual exam. This PrepKit contains 6 interactive practice tests with over 561 challenging questions guaranteed to cnprehensively cover all the objectives for the 640-802: CCNA: ICND1 and ICND 2 exam. With detailed analysis for each question, over 191 study notes, interactive quizzes, tips and technical articles, this PrepKit ensures that you get a solid grasp of core technical concepts to ace your certification exam.
What is CCNA 640-802 exam?
Cisco’s CCNA 640-802 exam is an entry-level, single option exam for achieving the CCNA Certification. It validates your ability to Configure, verify and troubleshoot switches, Identify security threats to a network and to mitigate those threats and Implement, verify, and troubleshoot networks in a medium-size Enterprise branch office network. Passing this test will also help you in achieving the CCNP and CCIE certifications.
You can also get the CCNA certification through a two tests option. For this, you have to take tests
640-822 and 640-816.Is CCNA 640-802 exam right for you?
The 640-802 test is appropriate for you if you have a basic understanding of cnputers and networking technology. There are no specific prerequisites for this test, although it is recnmended that you should have at least some experience in implementing and administering networks.
This test is suitable for you if you want to work as a Network administrator, System Analyst or Network Support Professional. If you would like to know more about this test please visit the Cisco 640-802 exam page.
More information:CCNA Braindump Cisco CCNA Cisco CCNA Exams
2008年6月29日星期日
CCNA 640-802 PASSED
CCNA 640-802 PASSED
Actually this article is for those who are familiar with CCNA exam although 640-802
exam is just an entry-level, single option exam for achieving the CCNA certification.
For those who want to know the meaning for CCNA and 640-802, you can visit the
following two addresses to get exact explanations.
» 640-802 infomation from www.cisco.com
» CCNA 640-802 from Webopedia
So many resources in the internet related to CCNA 640-802. I usually like to list
information I think helpful when I seach in the internet and today I would like to
share them here so that it can help those who need it.
1. Books
A. Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices, Part 2 (ICND2): (CCNA Exam 640-802 and ICND
exam 640-816) (3rd Edition) (Self-Study Guide) by Stephen McQuerry
You can get this book from Ebay with price .
Features: It contains all the tools you need to fully prepare you for CCNA
certification. There are two books in this package: CCNA INTRO Exam Certification Guide
and CCNA Exam Certification Guide.This package is organized in a modular fashion,
segmenting larger chapters into smaller, more easily digestible components. Material is
presented in a concise manner, focusing on increasing your understanding and retention
of exam topics. Senior instructor and best-selling author Wendell Odom shares
preparation hints and test-taking tips, helping you identify areas requiring further
study and improve both your conceptual and hands-on knowledge.
B.lihua http://lihua555.iblog.com/archives/236635/200806.com to read more books there
2. Distant Learning Center
If you don’t have time to sit in a classroom, you can choose distant learning center
to study it. You can choose to pay your course in 4 months payments. The course
includes 20 Hours Access to Live Cisco Equipment, CCNA Practice Exams, and Free
Updates.
3. IT Certification Exam Test Engine Software
Features: It is a specially designed 640-802 preparation kit to help you get certified
effortlessly. You don’t need to spend your time and money searching for study
materials, books, etc., this CCNA Certification: ICND1 and ICND 2 exam preparation kit
contains everything you need to get certified. Just follow the instructions in the
book, focus on the study material and getting certified will be easy.
It also provide trial version of the PrepKit now to get over 30 questions and 40 study
notes, absolutely free.
You can get ccna 640-802 exam test engine from certinside with $100.
From
from:http://lihua555.iblog.com/post/236635/531095
Actually this article is for those who are familiar with CCNA exam although 640-802
exam is just an entry-level, single option exam for achieving the CCNA certification.
For those who want to know the meaning for CCNA and 640-802, you can visit the
following two addresses to get exact explanations.
» 640-802 infomation from www.cisco.com
» CCNA 640-802 from Webopedia
So many resources in the internet related to CCNA 640-802. I usually like to list
information I think helpful when I seach in the internet and today I would like to
share them here so that it can help those who need it.
1. Books
A. Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices, Part 2 (ICND2): (CCNA Exam 640-802 and ICND
exam 640-816) (3rd Edition) (Self-Study Guide) by Stephen McQuerry
You can get this book from Ebay with price .
Features: It contains all the tools you need to fully prepare you for CCNA
certification. There are two books in this package: CCNA INTRO Exam Certification Guide
and CCNA Exam Certification Guide.This package is organized in a modular fashion,
segmenting larger chapters into smaller, more easily digestible components. Material is
presented in a concise manner, focusing on increasing your understanding and retention
of exam topics. Senior instructor and best-selling author Wendell Odom shares
preparation hints and test-taking tips, helping you identify areas requiring further
study and improve both your conceptual and hands-on knowledge.
B.lihua http://lihua555.iblog.com/archives/236635/200806.com to read more books there
2. Distant Learning Center
If you don’t have time to sit in a classroom, you can choose distant learning center
to study it. You can choose to pay your course in 4 months payments. The course
includes 20 Hours Access to Live Cisco Equipment, CCNA Practice Exams, and Free
Updates.
3. IT Certification Exam Test Engine Software
Features: It is a specially designed 640-802 preparation kit to help you get certified
effortlessly. You don’t need to spend your time and money searching for study
materials, books, etc., this CCNA Certification: ICND1 and ICND 2 exam preparation kit
contains everything you need to get certified. Just follow the instructions in the
book, focus on the study material and getting certified will be easy.
It also provide trial version of the PrepKit now to get over 30 questions and 40 study
notes, absolutely free.
You can get ccna 640-802 exam test engine from certinside with $100.
From
from:http://lihua555.iblog.com/post/236635/531095
2008年6月27日星期五
Cisco certification exams
640-802 - CCNA
Cisco certification exams
Pass 640-802 - CCNA exam in the first attempt. 6 Full featured Tests. 561 questions with answers and 191 study notes articles and exam tips.
PrepKit 640-802 - CCNA, CCNA: ICND1 and ICND 2 is an interactive software that helps you learn, tracks your progress, identifies areas for improvements and simulates the actual exam. This PrepKit contains 6 interactive practice tests with over 561 challenging questions guaranteed to cnprehensively cover all the objectives for the 640-802 - CCNA: CCNA: ICND1 and ICND 2 exam. With detailed analysis for each question, over 191 study notes, interactive quizzes, tips and technical articles, this PrepKit ensures that you get a solid grasp of core technical concepts to ace your certification exam.
What is 640-802 - CCNA exam?
Cisco's CCNA 640-802 exam is an entry-level, single option exam for achieving the CCNA Certification. It validates your ability to Configure, verify and troubleshoot switches, Identify security threats to a network and to mitigate those threats and Implement, verify, and troubleshoot networks in a medium-size Enterprise branch office network. Passing this test will also help you in achieving the CCNP and CCIE certifications.
You can also get the CCNA certification through a two tests option. For this, you have to take tests 640-822 and 640-816.
Is CCNA 640-802 exam right for you?
The 640-802 test is appropriate for you if you have a basic understanding of cnputers and networking technology. There are no specific prerequisites for this test, although it is recnmended that you should have at least some experience in implementing and administering networks.
This test is suitable for you if you want to work as a Network administrator, System Analyst or Network Support Professional. If you would like to know more about this test please visit the Cisco 640-802 - CCNA exam page.
More information:CCNA Braindump Cisco CCNA Cisco CCNA Exams
Cisco certification exams
Pass 640-802 - CCNA exam in the first attempt. 6 Full featured Tests. 561 questions with answers and 191 study notes articles and exam tips.
PrepKit 640-802 - CCNA, CCNA: ICND1 and ICND 2 is an interactive software that helps you learn, tracks your progress, identifies areas for improvements and simulates the actual exam. This PrepKit contains 6 interactive practice tests with over 561 challenging questions guaranteed to cnprehensively cover all the objectives for the 640-802 - CCNA: CCNA: ICND1 and ICND 2 exam. With detailed analysis for each question, over 191 study notes, interactive quizzes, tips and technical articles, this PrepKit ensures that you get a solid grasp of core technical concepts to ace your certification exam.
What is 640-802 - CCNA exam?
Cisco's CCNA 640-802 exam is an entry-level, single option exam for achieving the CCNA Certification. It validates your ability to Configure, verify and troubleshoot switches, Identify security threats to a network and to mitigate those threats and Implement, verify, and troubleshoot networks in a medium-size Enterprise branch office network. Passing this test will also help you in achieving the CCNP and CCIE certifications.
You can also get the CCNA certification through a two tests option. For this, you have to take tests 640-822 and 640-816.
Is CCNA 640-802 exam right for you?
The 640-802 test is appropriate for you if you have a basic understanding of cnputers and networking technology. There are no specific prerequisites for this test, although it is recnmended that you should have at least some experience in implementing and administering networks.
This test is suitable for you if you want to work as a Network administrator, System Analyst or Network Support Professional. If you would like to know more about this test please visit the Cisco 640-802 - CCNA exam page.
More information:CCNA Braindump Cisco CCNA Cisco CCNA Exams
Microsoft Certification
Abstract
Using data from a Microsoft survey and the Current Population Survey, we examine the returns to Microsoft Certification. The formal structure of Microsoft Certification provides a well documented external measure of cnputer skills rather than the ad-hoc self reports used in other research. We find that the wage premium for MS certification may be over 30% in the full labor market. This measure, using all workers as the reference, likely captures broad skills generally associated with cnputer use.
When certificate holders are cnpared to only individuals in IT occupations, the overall wage premium falls to a range of 3-7%. The difference in these two measures captures the return to general cnputer skills and general human capital associated with those skills. We find that the hierarchical structure of Microsoft Certification is reflected in the wage premium associated with specific certificates, further supporting the claim that these certificates measure skills valued in the labor market. We also find that different IT ccupations have different values for these skills. The similarity between the return to certification and the return to general education is examined and we concluded that certification measures specific human capital while years of education measure a more general human capital.
Using data from a Microsoft survey and the Current Population Survey, we examine the returns to Microsoft Certification. The formal structure of Microsoft Certification provides a well documented external measure of cnputer skills rather than the ad-hoc self reports used in other research. We find that the wage premium for MS certification may be over 30% in the full labor market. This measure, using all workers as the reference, likely captures broad skills generally associated with cnputer use.
When certificate holders are cnpared to only individuals in IT occupations, the overall wage premium falls to a range of 3-7%. The difference in these two measures captures the return to general cnputer skills and general human capital associated with those skills. We find that the hierarchical structure of Microsoft Certification is reflected in the wage premium associated with specific certificates, further supporting the claim that these certificates measure skills valued in the labor market. We also find that different IT ccupations have different values for these skills. The similarity between the return to certification and the return to general education is examined and we concluded that certification measures specific human capital while years of education measure a more general human capital.
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